Friday, February 25
Thursday, February 24
Hydrocephalus (Water on the brain)
Hydrocephalus is a buildup of fluid inside the skull, leading to brain swelling. Hydrocephalus means "water on the brain."
For further information, please click on this link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002538
For further information, please click on this link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002538
Tuesday, February 22
Friday, January 21
Reasons for children and adolescents to become obese
By World Health Organization
Reasons for children and adolescents to become obese
PAHO/WHO - Sonia Mey
The fundamental cause of childhood overweight and obesity is an energy imbalance between calories consumed and calories expended.
Global increases in childhood overweight and obesity are attributable to a number of factors including:
- A global shift in diet towards increased intake of energy-dense foods that are high in fat and sugars but low in vitamins, minerals and other healthy micronutrients;
- A trend towards decreased physical activity levels due to the increasingly sedentary nature of many forms of recreation time, changing modes of transportation, and increasing urbanization.
Societal reasons for the childhood obesity epidemic
WHO recognizes that the increasing prevalence of childhood obesity results from changes in society. Childhood obesity is mainly associated with unhealthy eating and low levels of physical activity, but the problem is linked not only to children's behaviour but also, increasingly, to social and economic development and policies in the areas of agriculture, transport, urban planning, the environment, food processing, distribution and marketing, as well as education.
The problem is societal and therefore it demands a population-based multisectoral, multi-disciplinary, and culturally relevant approach.
Unlike most adults, children and adolescents cannot choose the environment in which they live or the food they eat. They also have a limited ability to understand the long-term consequences of their behaviour. They therefore require special attention when fighting the obesity epidemic.
Child abuse--A media guide (Telling their Stories: Child Rights, Exploitation and the Media)
http://www.unicef.org/malaysia/Telling_their_stories.pdf
(Clink the link for further reading the book)
(Clink the link for further reading the book)
The way media portray children impacts not only on society’s attitude to children; it also influences the way adults behave towards children.
Sensational coverage of child abuse does not tell the full story. Instead it adds to the indignity of children who have been abused. However, it is possible for reporters to depict children in a way that maintains their dignity, and avoids exploitation and victimisation.
Telling their Stories: Child Rights, Exploitation and the Media by the International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) is a guide for the media to contribute to improving the situation for children.
Amongst others, the Guide contains a commentary on the human rights of children and tips on how reporters can protect them. It is designed for reporters and other media professionals working in any area where children are visible and vulnerable. The guidelines avoid the trap of telling reporters what to write, but help them decide how to address these issues. It also provides ideas and suggestions on storylines for topical issues.
Tuesday, January 18
Class Representative
Class representatives, please write down your name, tutorial, registered subject and email address here, so that I can send you the invitation to be the author of this blog, thanks.
Friday, January 14
The History of Childhood
DeMause has identified six modes of parent-child relations from antiquity to the present. Until the fourth century, infanticide was commonly practiced. Infanticide did not begin to be reduced until the Middle Ages, and the killing of illegitimate children, though unlawful, still occurs today.
DeMause believes that, in the period from the fourth to the thirteenth century, abandonment replaced infanticide as a common way in which parents disposed of their children. The abandonment included giving child-rearing responsibility for the care of the child to others as well as emotional abandonment at home.
The mode that gained prominence during the period from the fourteenth to the seventeenth century was characterized by deMause as ambivalence. During this third period, parents were advised that children were like clay forms that could be physically shaped by their parents.
At the beginning of the eighteenth century, an intrusive mode evolved in which parents sought not only to physically shape the child but also to gain control of the child's will.
The fifth mode, the socialization mode, prevailed from the nineteenth century to the mid-twentieth century. During this period of parent-child relations, the father began to assume a definite role.
In the mid-20th century, the present helping mode began. “The helping mode involves the proposition that the child knows better than the parent what it needs at each stage of its life, and fully involves both parents in the child's life as they work to empathize with and fulfill its expanding and particular needs. There is no attempt at all to discipline or form habits. Children are neither struck nor scolded, and are apologized to if yelled at under stress. The helping mode involves an enormous amount of time, energy, and discussion on the part of both parents, especially in the first six years, for helping a young child reach its daily goals means continually responding to it, playing with it, tolerating its regressions, interpreting emotional conflicts, and providing the objects specific to its evolving interests.”
You should recognize that parents of earlier centuries were not all ignorant, mean-spirited, lacking in compassion, and abusive. Indeed, some historical documents do record the kindness and affection of parents of earlier eras towards their children. The obvious fact is that across the centuries the world's population increased as more and more children survived to adulthood. Progressive improvement in child-rearing practices supported this population increase.
References
Borstelmann, L.J. (1983). Children before psychology: Ideas about children from antiquity to the late 1800s. In W. Kessen (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol 1. History, theory and methods. New York: Wiley.
deMause, L. (1974). The evolution of childhood. In L. deMause (Ed.), The history of childhood. New York: Harper & Row.
Mintz, S. (2006). Hucks’s Raft: A History of American Childhood. Cambridge: Belknap Press.
Pollock, L. (1983). Forgotten children: Parent-child relations from 1500 to 1900. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
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